Intelligence Led-Policing Essay Example for Free

Intelligence Led-Policing Essay The police institution has undergone major changes aimed at rebuilding its public. These changes date back to aggressive cops to the modern day police whose are guided by the rule of law (Ratcliffe, 2003, p 3). Introduced in the late 20th century, community policing focused on restoration of police legitimacy through community participation. It aimed at re-connecting the police institution to the public (Ratcliffe, 2003, p 4). Various researches indicate that it failed to provide measurable results. Consequently other models including problem oriented policing, Compstat and most recently, intelligence based policing (ILP) have emerged. Problem oriented policing involves use of statistical trends in identification of areas of interest. Compstat on the other hand focuses on empowerment of middle level officers to rapidly respond to crime. Basically it involves crime mapping, viewing and discussion. The most recent, ILP is an initiative at making the police smarter. It is founded on the use of criminal intelligence by the police in fighting crime (Ratcliffe, 2003, p 6). Emerging as a rare and unique initiative that attempts at understanding criminal environments and thus predict its occurrence and trends, the initiative is increasingly gaining popularity. Unlike the other models, ILP does not favor the popular reactive and investigate approaches in fighting crime but rather focuses on early identification hence prevention (Ratcliffe, 2003, p 6). It ensures that police actions are based on intelligence rather than intuition. ILP emerges as an alternative in organizational restructuring towards crime eradication. It is a result of changing crime faces and the transnational crime emergence alongside globalization, electronic financial transactions and internet in addition to police demand gap and failures of the existing policing models (Ratcliffe, 2003, p 6). The major similarity of this model to the previous models is the cause. Each aims to reduce crime marginal through either prevention or reactionary techniques. However, the approaches the take differ enormously. While the earlier models focused on either reacting to crime or cause identification, this model focuses on understanding the crime and the criminal mind as the basis for criminal fight.

Pornography and Legislation :: Argumentative Persuasive Essay Examples

Pornography is yet one of the most popular topics of today's society. Questions are being brought up about how pornography has had an effect on our everyday life styles. Pornography provokes violence through its explicates of obscenity through the literature and the media. Technology has been manipulated by these pornographic materials , and this isn't fair to the public. How do we put a stop to this? The law officials are trying to restate some of the laws that refer to the pornographic field, but it has become a great deal of struggling. The struggle is due to the avoidance of the invading each of the individual's constitutional rights granted to them, that is the freedom of speech and press. This topic has been hard to do research on because it is a really complicated subject to understand. This topic has really been neglected in the past so it is now come to overpower the people and haunt them in every way. One way in which the legal system has tried to regulate against pornograp hy was by decreasing the amount of publications of obscenity illustrated of pornography through censorship. In the case of Mutual Film Corporation. Verses Industrial Communication, in 1915, the case had to do with Ohio state censorship, and the attorneys for this film declared that through pre-censorship there will be a violation of rights. this provoked the state supreme court to decide that movies were not entitled to share the same protection of constitutional rights as other media areas. Now the court decided to make clear that when films are being previewed before distribution bans cannot be made unless on grounds of constitution. The American Law Institute is made up of professional lawyers, professors, and judges. These professionals are mutually investigating the field of pornography. the plan on putting restrictions for pornography. To avoid any criminal charges against pornographic publishers, lawyers advise their clients to avoid any published material containing or regarding obscene material. Some liberals feel that the reason that the law opposes pornography is because the case becomes more emotional rather than logical. There was a time where the law did put its foot down. This is when James Joyce, for example, had his novel (Ulysses) which was full of obscenity was banned from the United States and then it was approved and published in Paris, France. This goes to show that there is to an extent some sort of power of government over the pornographic publishers' demands.

Indian Influence Essay

This paper aims to discuss the question of to what extent the Indians have influenced place names and the vocabulary of American English. Considering that Native American Indians are the oldest people in America, it is natural that their language and culture have had some influence upon the development of American English, as well as upon place names in America. It is believed that the first Native Americans arrived during the last ice-age, approximately 20,000 – 30,000 years ago . There are a great number of American place names, including those of large cities and states, which have been named after Indian words – it’s estimated that at least half of the states get their names from Indian words. These include Arizona, which comes from the Indian word Arizonac, which means little spring or young spring. Arizona has a history rich in legends of pertaining to the West. Here Indian chiefs Geronimo and Cochise led the fight against the frontiersmen. Tombstone, Arizona, was the site of the most famous shootout in the West, this being the gunfight at the O. K. Corral. Names of other states influenced by the Indians include Arkansas which comes from the Quapaw Indians, Iowa, which probably comes from an Indian name meaning â€Å"this is the place† or â€Å"the Beautiful Land†, Oklahoma, which is from two Choctaw Indian words meaning red people, and Wyoming, which is from the Delaware Indian word meaning â€Å"mountains and valleys alternating†, just like the Wyoming Valley in Pennsylvania. It can therefore be seen that the influence of American Indians has had quite a large impact on the naming of places in America. The vocabulary of American English has also been quite profoundly impacted. In a similar way that thousands of place names have been impacted by Indian words, so have many US English words have their roots in American Indian. These help in making the language the rich, cultural affair that it is today, and include not only words such as tomahawk from the Virginia Algonquian â€Å"tamahaac†, totem from the Ojibwa â€Å"nindoodem,† my totem, wampum from the Massachusetts â€Å"wampumpeag† , wigwam from the Eastern Abenaki â€Å"wik’wom† but also moccasin from the Virginia Algonquian moose from the Eastern Abenaki â€Å"mos†, papoose from the Narragansett â€Å"papoos,† child, pecan from the Illinois â€Å"pakani† which are used with relevance to everyday American things. The word â€Å"Podunk,† meant to describe an insignificant town out in the middle of nowhere, comes from a Natick Indian word meaning â€Å"swampy place. † Many of these words borrowed from American Indians are nouns from the Algonquian languages that used to be common and widely spoken along the Atlantic coast. English colonists, who came across iar plants and animals which were strange to them at the time named them based on Indian terms. Naturally enough pronunciation changed and words were shortened in order to make them easier for the English tongue. But the fact remains that their roots are in American Indian words. Conclusion This paper shows that the Indians have influenced both place names and the vocabulary of American English to a large degree. REFERENCES Infoplease, 2005 American Indian Loan Words, retrieved 8 May 2006 from the website http://www. infoplease. com/spot/aihmwords1. html Native Americans, 2005, The Bravest of the Brave, retrieved 8 May 2006 from the website http://www. nativeamericans. com/ Fact Monster, 2005, American Indian Place Names retrieved 8 May 2006 from the website http://www. factmonster. com/spot/aihmnames1. html

Knight of Faith vs Overman

For my final research paper, I have chosen to compare and contrast Friedrich Nietzsche’s overman with Soren Kierkegaard’s knight of faith As if a coroner were standing over a body, holding a cold hand in one and looking at his chain watch in the other, I hear Nietzsche say: God is dead. God remains dead. And we have killed him. How shall we comfort ourselves, the murderers of all murderers? What was holiest and mightiest of all that the world has yet owned has bled to death under our knives: who will wipe this blood off us? What water is there for us to clean ourselves? What festivals of atonement, what sacred games shall we have to invent? Is not the greatness of this deed too great for us? Must we ourselves not become gods simply to appear worthy of it? – Nietzsche, the Gay Science, Section 125 As if conversing with Nietzsche I hear the response of Kierkegaard to be, God will never die, only faith in Him can, and has died, in you Nietzsche. To which Kierkegaard would add, but that’s only my perspective. Kierkegaard and Nietzsche each have views that respond to the issue of faith and the life lived by the individual. Kierkegaard’s view is called the knight of faith and Nietzsche’s called overman. The knight of faith is an individual who has placed complete faith in himself and in God. Kierkegaard argues that the knight of faith is the paradox, is the individual, absolutely nothing but the individual, without connections or pretensions. The knight of faith is the individual who is able to gracefully embrace life. Most people live dejectedly in worldly sorrow and joy; they are the ones who sit along the wall and do not join in the dance. The knights of infinity are dancers and possess elevation. They make the movements upward, and fall down again; and this too is no mean pastime, nor ungraceful to behold. But whenever they fall down they are not able at once to assume the posture, they vacillate an instant, and this vacillation shows that after all they are strangers in the world. This is more or less strikingly evident in proportion to the art they possess, but even the most artistic knights cannot altogether conceal this vacillation. One need not look at them when they are up in the air, but only the instant they touch or have touched the ground–then one recognizes them. But to be able to fall down in such a way that the same second it looks as if one were standing and walking, to transform the leap of life into a walk, absolutely to express the sublime in the pedestrian–that only the knight of faith can do–and this is the one and only prodigy. – Soren Kierkegaard, Fear and Trembling, Nietzsche’s overman can be described as; overman has his own self, both his higher and lower natures, neither repressed. He has this, his world, to which he is faithful. He has the love of this life, in this world, without the illusions that this world is inferior. And he has his reflective mind that reinforces these ideas. I believe that Nietzsche would claim his perspective to better because his claim focuses on this world, the one known to exist, whereas Kierkegaard’s claim implies a next life. Nietzsche would argue that Kierkegaard’s claim has two assumptions, 1) that there may or may not be an after life, and 2) that it is superior to this life. I like Nietzsche’s view of overman; overman is strength incarnate, reveling in the beauties of this life while satisfying his desires, both worldly and not. But it begs me to ask the question, as long as the anticipation of the next life doesn't interfere with the enjoyment of this one, can an overman not love this life and carry this love so far to greatly anticipate the next life as possibly even more beautiful than this one? I would further like to challenge Nietzsche on the topic of morals, and his overman. Since there is no objective truth, there are no objective morals or values. One becomes free to create their own and this is precisely what overman does. Overman has his own set of morals and values. Unless the morals one lives by here on earth are different than those they live by in Heaven, I don't see a problem. And even then I don't see a problem, unless one desires Heaven with its values inferior to their own. If one enjoys the way they live here and Heaven takes those enjoyments and morals away, why would one desire to live in Heaven at all? Nietzsche professes that God is dead, meaning the very idea of God's salvation is no longer held in the world's belief. If this is so, then doesn't it imply that having religious faith is indeed a subjective act, if not the highest possible subjective act? The fewer people who truly believe only means that the objective uncertainty is greater. Since objective uncertainty is at a maximum, so too must be the will to believe and the passion by which to believe. If this does not require also the maximum amount of courage, I don't know what does. I also like Kierkegaard’s view, but his view as well again begs me to ask questions. Kierkegaard’s knight of faith is self sacrificing. Christianity's absurdity makes it harder to have faith than to not. It almost seems that faith is a response to the fear of being wrong about the afterlife. Better to believe in just case than not believe and burn for it. The very degree of doubt makes belief seem desperate. But strong God fearing people should not feel such apprehension for the next life. Now don't get me wrong, they shouldn't depend on the next life for salvation. They shouldn't even depend on the existence of the next life, for there may be none. But if so, one isn't even disappointed if the next life doesn't exist since this life gives them all the happiness they desire. The despair that, Kierkegaard speaks of, needn't exist if he grant the premise that God desires ones happiness in this life, and if he grant the human race the possibility of achieving this happiness, independent of the next and possible nonexistent life. Subjectivism says that it matters more how one believes than it does what or why we do. So if one believes fervently that one can be happy here, what God would impose that such subjectivity is wrong, that one can only be happy independently of this world? Nietzsche’s overman has this courageous independence, but why can't a knight of faith also have it? I think that both Nietzsche and Kierkegaard have valid points. The overman's worship of this world, a world made beautiful by God Himself, is justified. It's courageous to find happiness in a meaningless world. The knight of faith's authentic anticipation of the next is equally justified as long as such faith doesn't interfere with living an authentic life while here on earth. The overman is not inferior to the knight of faith and the knight of faith is not inferior to the overman. They are both authentic, subjective existing individuals, living life the fullest way they know how, both courageous in their own ways. They are both equally superior in courage to all the slave moralists, master moralists and mock Christians of the world. And while I live here on earth, neither the overman nor the knight of faith can discredit the other, since there may or may not be an afterlife. The lacking evidence of an afterlife doesn't suggest there isn't one. Where would be the challenge in believing in something I know to exist? Likewise the very notion of Christianity defying common logic tempts me to doubt the faith it is so hard for me to have.

Immigrants Benefits Continue essays

Immigrants Benefits Continue essays IMMIGRANTS' BENEFITS CONTINUE TO BE STICKING POINT IN HOUSE WELFARE DEBATE Efforts to restore aid to legal immigrants cut in 1996 have polarized members of Congress despite political benefits Republicans are sending an update of welfare law to the House floor that promises a modest increase in federal child care funding, a small olive branch to Democrats opposed to increasing poor parents' work hours without such additional help. Senate Democrats, at the same time, are moving toward common ground with the House COP by signaling their support for some increased work requirements. But as the 107th Congress continues to debate altering the six-year-old welfare statute (PL 104-193) the core of which expires Sept. 30 the issue of restoring welfare benefits for legal immigrants remains the greatest source of polarization between the majorities on the two sides of the Capitol. The pressure to revive those benefits comes from state officials, influential senators and Hispanic voters, a bloc that is being intensely courted for the midterm election. But it has not been enough to budge House conservatives. They say the current law discourages welfare dependency among immigrants and ensures that new arrivals' sponsors will take responsibility for their care. Opponents of the law, who argue that working immigrants unfairly pay taxes that finance federal help for which they do not qualify, appear destined to see the policy and political tide turn in their favor; even administration officials are apparently softening. The question is whether President Bush's base of support among Republicans is willing to yield on such a politically sensitive issue before exacting a large political price. "Make no mistake about it, we will remember who helps us and who doesn't," said Manuel Mirabal, president of the National Puerto Rican Coalition, one of the groups seeking to lessen the law's restrictions on legal immigrants. The 1996 ...

A noiseless patient spider

A noiseless patient spider Group A   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the time period between 1860 and 1880, war was commonplace and it hit home for most Americans; Walt Whitman was no exception. His brother being wounded contributed to his extended stay in Washington as a nurse. This socio-cultural turmoil is reflected frequently in Whitman’s poetry. For example, in â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider†, Whitman expresses feelings of isolation and loneliness writing, â€Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦on a little promontory it stood isolated, / Mark’d how to explore the vacant vast surroundingà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  This excerpt clearly conveys a sense of aloneness and longing for companionship, much like Whitman probably experienced in the time period in which he lived. While the cultural upheavals of pandemonium, pride, and war swallowed most of the Americas, Whitman was caught in his own war, on the inside. Whitman longed for connectivity and wholeness in the world. Whitman’s writing also expressed his inne r desire to reach out to the world and find a connection, evident in line four of â€Å"A Noiseless Patient Spider† which reads, â€Å"It launch’d forth filament, filament, filament, out of itselfà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ . This line is significant to the socio-cultural state of the late-nineteenth century society because the spider, and vicariously Whitman, is attempting to reach out to the world for companionship but receiving no response, which represents the apathy of nineteenth-century people. It was more convenient to just blindly participate in a death-plagued war than to progress socially and spiritually. This is where the conflict between culture and nature begins. Nature is the interaction between Whitman and the universe, which is apparently void at this point. Culture is the cities and the masses of people as in â€Å"Crossing Brooklyn Ferry† which reads in the third line, â€Å"Crowds of men and women attired in the usual costumes, how curious you are to me!† Whitman is looking down at these people, this mass of people, and realizes he has the answers to fix the war society is struggling with; It is peace and harmony in the world through the interconnectivity of the universe. Whitman is stuck, reaching out at the world, and instead he receives the cold shoulder from the stubborn world. This is why it is so generally accepted that he was a â€Å"genius† (10) that was ahead of his time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Emily Dickinson seemed to be quite an introvert, and quite a loner, yet found such great talent and ease in expressing the feelings and emotions that were prominent in her life. In â€Å"Success is counted sweetest†, Dickinson expresses feelings of jealousy and sadness that accompany being some sort of a loser. The vivid imagery she conveys through the dying soldier â€Å"whose forbidden ear† hears the â€Å"distant strains of triumph† is an awesome expression of the anguish and sorrow that is n ecessary to know the sweetness of victory and success that Emily apparently desires in life. In â€Å"The Soul selects her own Society†, Dickinson’s use of concise speech seems to highlight the abrupt shutting of â€Å"the Door† by the soul. Dickinson personifies the soul as sitting on a throne above Emperors and â€Å"Chariots†. She believes the soul is the true king of the land and it should be worshiped as the divine medium. This poem connects back to â€Å"Success is counted sweetest† because after the soul makes its selection, all others are closed out, and denied the taste of victory and success. In â€Å"After great pain, a formal feeling comes† Dickinson portrays a death as something that slows down time and numbs a person spiritually. â€Å"First-Chill-then Stupor-then the letting go-â€Å"; the poem ends with several dashes depicting this time-altering state of shock that pain and death cause in the heart of those who experience it. Finally, in â€Å"I heard a Fly buzz-when I died†, Dickinson writes, â€Å"à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Signed away / what portion of me be / Assignable-and then it was / There-interposed a Flyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  This excerpt expresses Dickinson’s frustration over the pettiness of people coming to claim their stake in someone’s life and keepsakes when they die, and if death is not unfortunate enough, a fly buzzes in front of the narrator’s eyes so that he/she cannot even experience the moment of death peacefully. This ironic ending to the life of this individual symbolizes Dickinson’s frustration with life in general.

Modern European History (1789-present) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Modern European History (1789-present) - Essay Example 84 and the Primerose League collected great support and laid strong foundation for the conservatives .With the advent of Benjamin Disreli from [1874-1880] resorted Conservatism to modern reforms ,0peeped out their influence as a result of the imperialistic and electoral plans of Disreli. Socialism stands for an economic theory and cooperation among all classes of people . It came out as a reaction to bring social and economic change as an effect of the Industrial revolution .Conservatism concerns with the social and political changes as an effect of the French Revolution. Radicalism is concentrated in maintaining radicalism principles in economic and social circumstances . It paved the way for protest against hunger and want .It also paved the way for betterment of the society.The new right refers to different categories in different ststes.In United kingdom it refers to neo-liberalism , in France it refers to new thinking in political aspects ,declaring their thought to be the right . Q 4 .IN CONTARAST TO THE NATIONALIST LIBERATION STRUGGLE OF THE FIRST HALF OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY, A NUMBER OF HISTORIANS ARGUED THAT GERMANY UNIFIED THROUGH WAR AND DIPLOMACY. SUPPORT OR CHALLENGE THIS STATEMENT. DESCRIBE OTHER SOLUTIONS OR PROPOSALS TO THE QUESTION OF UNIFICATION THROUGHOUT THE NINETEENTH CENTURY. The unification of Germany has been one of the major political events. When we talk of thee unification , we should be aware of the facts that Germany played a very important role in the post - cold war .Europe’s participation was an ever green sight for the politicians and economists. Bismark had deep conservative monarchist and aristocratic observations. He was the one who worked out the diplomatic ideologies and created war fronts to get Germany united. He was strictly obsessed with Prussia . He does not want Prussia to be an individual province , to be more precise , he wanted Prussia to come under the German constituency. He took the rewards of the